Public Kempax report

Daily Update Global Data Center and GPU capacity · 2026-07-27

Kempax Research

Loop report · 2026-07-27

Global Data Center & GPU Capacity — Daily Update

Published: 2026-07-27 Next update: 2026-07-28

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Executive Summary

The global AI infrastructure buildout continues at an unprecedented pace. YTD US data center construction spending reached $58.1B through May 2026 — 4× the 2025 full-year record — with 91 projects broken ground and a $101B preconstruction pipeline across 100 US projects. Hyperscaler combined capex is projected at $660–$830B for 2026, with data center projects that could add 20+ GW of new capacity. NVIDIA dominates GPU supply 75% market share but faces rising competition from AMD MI400 series launched today, July 27 , Broadcom custom ASICs, Google TPU, and AWS Trainium.

Two major GPU milestones occurred today: AMD launched the MI400 series MI455X and MI430X with HBM4 and Helios rack platform — Microsoft has committed to deploying at scale. NVIDIA's Vera Rubin R100 began customer shipments with confirmed specs 16,000 FP8 TFLOPS, 336B transistors, HBM4 at 22 TB s, 2,300W TDP .

Power grid constraints remain the chief bottleneck — 7 GW of US projects delayed or cancelled , 54 local moratoriums blocking $64B in projects, and the PJM interconnection cannot meet expected energy requirements Jul 3 announcement . Hyperscalers have committed 9.8 GW in nuclear PPAs across 13+ deals as a mitigation strategy. The Virginia legislature passed the first US DC power consumption tax $0.011 kWh, $600M yr , and Monterey Park, CA enacted the first voter-enacted DC ban.

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Key Developments — July 27, 2026

Date Company Project Type Key Details Location Source ------ ------------------- ------ ------------- ---------- -------- Jul 27 AMD MI400 Series Launch GPU launch MI455X frontier AI and MI430X sovereign AI HPC launched at AAI 2026; CDNA 5 architecture, HBM4, Helios rack platform. Microsoft commits to deploy Helios at scale. Pricing TBA. Global StorageNewsletter, AMD Jul 27 NVIDIA Vera Rubin R100 GPU milestone Customer shipments begin Jul 2026; FP8 confirmed at 16,000 TFLOPS, 336B transistors, HBM4 22 TB s, 2,300W TDP; 8+ cloud partners for H2 2026. Projected $18–25 hr hyperscaler cloud pricing. Global Spheron, Tech Times, DuckIT Tech Jul 27 Australia 1414 Degrees DC project 1 GW AI data center at Aurora Energy Precinct, SA; HoA signed today Australia Industry report Jul 27 Virginia DC power tax Regulation $0.011 kWh consumption tax approved VA, US State legislature Jul 24 NVIDIA Korea Summit Multiple deals $500B SK Hynix HBM supply deal; $1.5B Amkor packaging Arizona ; $10B Naver Brookfield alliance Global NVIDIA Jul 22 AMD + Anthropic Partnership $5B AMD investment; 2 GW MI450 GPU deployment Global AMD IR Jul 21 BlackRock Meta Texas campus Financing $12B debt sale for 1 GW El Paso campus; JPMorgan & Morgan Stanley syndication El Paso, TX BlackRock, Edgen Jul 20 Morgan Stanley financing Infrastructure $32B AI infrastructure financing; $27B for Meta Hyperion, $3.2B TeraWulf Google bond Global GuruFocus Jul 20 NNSA Savannah River Site DC project 1 GW AI data center; Amentum selected as developer SC, US NNSA Jul 15 Pure DC SJK01 Finland DC project €7.5B $8.57B , 550 MW full buildout Seinajoki, Finland China.org.cn Jul 8 Meta Alberta Canada DC project C$13B $9.17B , 1 GW scalable 1.8 GW ; Meta's first Canadian DC Sturgeon County, AB Reuters Jul 3 PJM Interconnection Grid crisis PJM cannot meet expected energy requirements US DCK 2026 Meta Hyperion Louisiana DC expansion Initially $400B → expanded to $500B; 2 GW scaling to 5 GW; 2,250 acres 4M sq ft Richland Parish, LA Meta 2026 SoftBank France DC project €75B $85B , 5 GW total 3.1 GW first phase ; largest European DC investment France Choose France Summit 2026 AirTrunk India DC project $21B, 3 GW Maharashtra, India Industry report 2026 Digital Realty Kansas City DC project Initial 600 MW early 2028 → 2 GW full buildout; 1,440 acres Kansas City DCK 2026 Google Missouri DC project $15B hyperscale cluster New Florence, MO Industry report 2026 Amazon Missouri DC project $10B campus Montgomery County, MO Industry report 2026 OpenAI Piketon SB Energy Mega-project 10 GW, $500B+; NVIDIA financing talks Piketon, OH Industry report 2026 Q2 leasing record Leasing 9.6 GW leased by Meta Microsoft Google in Q2 2026; 12.5 GW pipeline Global TD Cowen

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Hyperscaler Capex Plans 2026

Company 2026 Capex 2025 Capex YoY Change Key Context --------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ------------- Amazon $AMZN $200B $125B +60% AWS at $142B annualized run rate; FCF dropped 95% YoY to $1.2B Alphabet $GOOGL $180–190B $91B +98–109% $80B equity raise; cloud backlog $240B+ Microsoft $MSFT $190B calendar $90B FY2025 +111% $80B unfulfilled Azure orders due to power constraints Meta $META $125–145B $72B +74–101% Hyperion LA : $500B 5 GW; Alberta: C$13B; target 10+ GW total by YE 2026 Oracle $ORCL $50B $21B +136% $523B RPO; 147 active DCs + 64 developing Combined Big 5 $660–725B $380B +74–91% Nearly doubling; includes AI GPU spend of $450B

Source: Futurum Group, TrendForce, Betafinch, ConstructConnect

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Major GPU Clusters

Organization GPU Count Key Details ------------- ----------- ------------- Google $GOOGL 1M+ accelerators TPU v6 v7 + NVIDIA Hopper Blackwell Rubin Microsoft $MSFT 1M+ accelerators NVIDIA + Maia 2 + AMD MI300X; deploying AMD Helios MI455X Amazon $AMZN 1M+ accelerators NVIDIA + Trainium 2 3 Meta $META 600,000+ GPUs H100 H200 B200 + MTIA 2; first commercial gigawatt AMD MI450 H2 2026 OpenAI Stargate 150k–200k operational 7 GW across 7 sites; Abilene TX: 450,000+ GB200 planned xAI Colossus 1 → 2 200K → 550K+ target H100 GB200 mix; 200 MW → 2 GW expansion CoreWeave $CRWV 250K–350K GPUs H100 H200 B200; $99.4B backlog AMD + Anthropic Up to 2 GW MI450 $5B AMD investment; 2 GW MI450 GPU deployment

Source: Presenc.ai, StorageNewsletter, AMD official

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GPU Market Share Trend

Player 2022 2023 2024 2025E 2026E -------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- NVIDIA 75% 86% 87% 80–81% 75% AMD 2–3% 3–4% 5% 6–8% 7–10% Broadcom custom ASICs 1–2% 2–3% 7–10% 10–12% 12–15% Google TPU 3% 3–4% 5–7% 5–7% 6–8% AWS Trainium Inferentia 1% 1–2% 3–5% 3–5% 4–6% Huawei Ascend <1% 1–2% 2–3% 3–5% 4–6% Microsoft Maia — — 1% 2–4% 3–5% Marvell custom ASICs <1% <1% 1–2% 2–3% 3–4%

Source: SiliconAnalysts, Presenc.ai

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GPU Specifications — All Generations

Spec H100 SXM H200 SXM B200 B300 Blackwell Ultra R100 Rubin ------ ---------- ---------- ------ ----------------------- -------------- Architecture Hopper GH100 Hopper + HBM3e Blackwell GB100 Blackwell Ultra Rubin Vera Rubin Process Node TSMC 4N 4nm TSMC 4N TSMC 4NP TSMC 4NP TSMC N3 3nm Transistors 80B 80B 208B 208B 336B FP8 TFLOPS 1,979 1,979 4,500 10,000 16,000 FP4 TFLOPS N A N A 9,000 15,000 50,000 HBM Type HBM3 HBM3e HBM3e HBM3e HBM4 HBM Capacity 80 GB 141 GB 192 GB 288 GB 288 GB HBM Bandwidth 3.35 TB s 4.8 TB s 8.0 TB s 8.0 TB s 22 TB s TDP 700W 700W 1,200W 1,400W 2,300W NVLink 900 GB s v4 900 GB s v4 1.8 TB s v5 1.8 TB s v5 3.6 TB s v6 Cooling Air Liquid Air Liquid Liquid required Liquid required Liquid required Launch Q1 2023 Q4 2024 H1 2025 H2 2025 H2 2026 Status Jul 2026 EOL phased Volume shipping Volume shipping Volume shipping Customer shipments begin Per-GPU Price est. $15k–$20k $25k–$35k $40k–$55k $50k–$70k $60k–$100k+

R100 NVL72 rack: 72 GPUs, 1,152 PFLOPS FP8, 20.7 TB HBM4 aggregate, 166 kW per rack, $5M–$8M per rack est .

AMD Instinct MI400 Series — Launched July 27, 2026

Detail MI455X MI430X -------- -------- -------- Purpose Frontier AI & AI factories Sovereign AI & scientific HPC Architecture CDNA 5 CDNA 5 Process TSMC N3 est TSMC N3 est FP64 Not prioritized Up to 288 TFLOPS hardware FP64 HBM HBM4 HBM4 Platform Helios Rackscale Solution Traditional mesh HPC Key customer Microsoft deploying Helios at scale Rackspace 30 MW AMD AI compute

Source: StorageNewsletter 2026-07-27 , AMD official MI400 page amd.com , Spheron Rubin R100 Guide spheron.network

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GPU Cloud Pricing — Live Market Snapshot July 2026

GPU Cheapest On-Demand hr Cheapest Spot hr Best Provider ----- ---------------------- ------------------ --------------- A100 80GB $0.78 $0.60 Spheron H100 SXM $1.53 $1.03 Vast.ai Spheron H200 SXM $2.60 — GMI Cloud B200 $4.99 $2.12 Lambda Labs Spheron B300 $6.80 $2.45 Spheron R100 projected $18–25 $8–12 spot Hyperscaler Spheron

Trend: H100 spot pool tight — spot $2.91 briefly exceeded on-demand $2.50 at some providers. Neo-clouds undercut hyperscalers by 40–85% for identical hardware. R100 projected $18–25 hr hyperscaler on-demand at H2 2026 launch, declining to $5–10 hr by 2028.

Source: Spheron GPU Cloud Pricing Comparison 2026 spheron.network , GPUCloudList gpucloudlist.com , GPU Tracker gputracker.dev

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GPU Shipments 2025–2026E

Vendor Product 2025 Units 2026 Units E Trend ---------------- ----------- ---------------- ------- NVIDIA Blackwell B200, GB200, B300 5,200,000 1,800,000 Phasing to Rubin NVIDIA Rubin R100, R200 0 250,000–300,000 Ramping; TSMC N3 constrained NVIDIA Hopper H100 H200 tail 1,500,000 400,000 End-of-life AMD MI300X–MI450 250,000 538,000 MI400 launched Jul 27 Google TPU v6 v7 700,000 900,000 Steady AWS Trainium 2 3 400,000 600,000 Steady growth Microsoft Maia 2 120,000 250,000 Ramping Meta MTIA 2 80,000 180,000 New deployments Total Market 8,315,000 5,030,000+ Dip = NVIDIA generation handoff

Source: Presenc.ai — GPU Shipment Tracker presenc.ai

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Data Center Capacity & Construction

Global Capacity

Metric Value -------- ------- Active data centers worldwide 11,000–12,000 across 174–179 countries Hyperscale DCs operational 1,297 ; 770 more in pipeline Global installed capacity 103 GW JLL ; on track to 200 GW by 2030 AI workload capacity 44 GW Under active construction Sep 2025 23.1 GW across 831 sites 2026 pipeline under construction 16 GW across 140 projects; 5 GW 31% actively building Global occupancy 97% ; vacancy at historic lows Pipeline pre-committed 77% Hyperscalers pre-committed US under construction 92%

US Construction — ConstructConnect July 2026 Report

Metric Value -------- ------- YTD 2026 DC construction spending Jan–May $58.1B vs same period 2025 4× increase record Projects broken ground YTD 91 Preconstruction pipeline $101B across 100 projects Project Kestrel excluded, monitored $100B single development Median cost square foot 2026 $473 Power infrastructure starts YTD +2.7% vs 2025 DC share of all US nonresidential starts 20% trailing 12 months

Construction Costs

Metric 2020 2025 2026 Forecast -------- ------ ------ ----------------- Global avg. shell-and-core MW $7.7M $10.7M $11.3M AI-optimized facility MW — $20M $20M+ All-in AI incl. GPU fit-out MW — $30–40M $30–40M Hyperscale AI campus build-out — — $45–55B per GW Power infrastructure as % of build 30% 40–45% 40–45%

Megaproject Pipeline

Project Capacity Investment Location Status Backers --------- ---------- ------------ ---------- -------- --------- OpenAI Piketon SB Energy 10 GW $500B+ Piketon, OH Planning OpenAI, SB Energy, NVIDIA Meta Hyperion Louisiana 5 GW $500B total Richland Parish, LA Expanding Meta, Blue Owl Capital SoftBank France 5 GW €75B France Announced Jun 2026 SoftBank Stargate aggregate 7 GW $500B by 2029 TX, NM, OH, WI, MI, UAE Initial $100B deploying OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle, MGX QTS Prince William 2,700 MW Undisclosed Prince William, VA Largest single-site Blackstone AirTrunk India 3 GW $21B India Announced AirTrunk Blackstone CPP Digital Realty Kansas City 2 GW $474M initial Kansas City Jul 2026 Digital Realty Vantage "Frontier" Texas 1.4 GW $25B Shackelford County, TX First delivery H2 2026 Silver Lake, DigitalBridge Meta Alberta Canada 1 GW →1.8 GW C$13B $9.17B Sturgeon County, AB Ground broken Jul 8 Meta Meta El Paso BlackRock JV 1 GW $12B debt El Paso, TX Debt closed Jul 21 Meta, BlackRock NNSA Savannah River Site 1 GW Undisclosed SC Amentum selected Jul 20 NNSA, Amentum Google New Florence MO Bldgs TBD $15B New Florence, MO Announced Alphabet Microsoft Fairwater WI 1+ GW $7.3B Mount Pleasant, WI Under construction Microsoft Pure DC SJK01 Finland 550 MW €7.5B $8.57B Seinajoki, Finland Phase 1 leased Pure DC

Regional Breakdown

Americas 50% of global capacity : - Northern Virginia: 4,182 MW, 0.3% vacancy tightest market globally - Emerging frontiers: Tennessee 6+ GW new gen , West Texas, Des Moines, Richmond - 54 US moratoriums blocking $64B in projects

EMEA: - Development pipeline approaching 15 GW Cushman & Wakefield - FLAP-D vacancy 6.3%; 83% pipeline pre-let - Grid queues: 8 years London , 10 years Amsterdam - Finland emerging: Pure DC 550 MW, atNorth 430 MW

Asia-Pacific: - Expanding from 32 GW to 57 GW by 2030 12% CAGR - India: 1.8 GW → 8 GW projected in 5–6 years +59% YoY H1 2026 - Singapore CFA2 released 200 MW additional

Middle East: - 2.2 GW under construction vs 1 GW existing - Riyadh: 5.2 GW planned; UAE: 26 km² Abu Dhabi facility targeting 5 GW

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Electricity Consumption & Grid Constraints

Global DC Electricity Demand

Year Est. DC Electricity TWh yr YoY Growth ------ ------------------------------ ------------ 2022 300 — 2023 350 15% 2024 420 20% 2025 520 24% 2026 est. 650+ 26% 2027 IEA proj. 1,000 54%

Gartner: AI-optimized server electricity growth +84.2% YoY. AI server share of total DC power 2026: 31%. TechCrunch projects DC electricity demand will 4× by 2035 .

Critical Grid Constraints

Market Interconnection Delay Key Detail -------- ---------------------- ------------ Northern Virginia PJM 4–6 years 70 GW queue vs 25.4 GW peak load; 3 GW load drop from substation fault Jul 23; Dominion warns of rolling blackouts in 3–5 yrs PJM Interconnection — Cannot meet expected energy requirements Jul 3, 2026 US interconnection queue avg 5 years 77% withdrawal rate 2000–2019 ; only 13% reach commercial ops Transformer lead times 128–144 weeks Prices +77% since 2019; 50% of planned US DC builds delayed Western Europe grid 7–10 years vs 2 years to build Amsterdam Severe moratorium 70 MW IT load cap London Early 2030s West London substation delay

Nuclear SMR Portfolio

Hyperscaler Partners Total Capacity Key Detail ------------- ---------- --------------- ------------ Meta $META Constellation, TerraPower, Oklo, Vistra, Dominion 6.6 GW TerraPower 4.0 GW 8 Natrium units ; Oklo 1.2 GW Amazon $AMZN Talen Energy, X-Energy, Dominion 2.4 GW 960 MW X-energy 12 SMRs ; target 2028 Microsoft $MSFT Constellation TMI restart 837 MW 20-year PPA $1B; target H2 2027 Google $GOOGL Kairos Power 500 MW 50 MW → 500 MW; 2030 first reactor Equinix $EQIX Radiant Industries 20 MW Kaleidos microreactor

Total committed nuclear: 9.8 GW across 13+ deals — 3.0 GW existing plant extensions, 1.4 GW plant restarts, 5.4 GW SMR new-build, 0.05 GW fusion contingent .

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Major Investors & Financing

Institutional Investors

Investor DC Commitment Strategy ---------- -------------- ---------- Blackstone $150B DC portfolio + $160B pipeline Largest DC investor globally; QTS $10B + AirTrunk A$24B BlackRock AIP Consortium $40B + Aligned DC + CyrusOne + $12B Meta debt Largest asset manager; equity and debt positions KKR Helix Digital Infrastructure; $15.7B Global Infra V fund Vertically integrated platform: dev→power→hardware→ops Brookfield $100B AI Infrastructure Program; 10.5 GW renewable PPA w Microsoft Integrates DCs with renewables portfolio Silver Lake Major equity in Vantage Data Centers Technology-focused PE Blue Owl Capital Meta Hyperion JV $27B ; STACK Infrastructure Giga-campus JV ownership model MGX Abu Dhabi Stargate consortium partner Sovereign AI infrastructure SoftBank Stargate lead; €75B France 5 GW; $500B Stargate multi-year Largest single DC capital commitment

Notable 2026 Financing Transactions

Date Transaction Value Participants ------ ------------- ------- ------------- Jul 24 NVIDIA–SK Hynix HBM supply $500B NVIDIA, SK Hynix Jul 22 AMD–Anthropic strategic partnership $5B AMD, Anthropic 2 GW MI450 Jul 21 BlackRock Meta Texas campus debt $12B BlackRock, Meta, JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley Jul 20 Morgan Stanley AI infra financing $32B TeraWulf $3.2B , Meta Hyperion $27B debt Jul 8 Meta Alberta Canada DC C$13B $9.17B Meta 2026 Alphabet equity raise $80B Google AI infrastructure Q2 2026 Quasi-REIT structures $3.5B $7.8B asset value Blackstone → Digital Realty 2026 CoreWeave IPO $35B valuation Public markets; $88B+ contracted backlog 2026 Crusoe Energy funding $3B seeking Valuation up to $30B from $10B 2026 Switch Inc. funding $2B Andreessen Horowitz; planning IPO up to $10B

Projected total borrowing: Morgan Stanley JPM estimate $1.5T over 5 years for the industry.

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Key Risk Dashboard

Risk Update Severity ------ -------- ---------- Power grid interconnection PJM cannot meet requirements Jul 3 ; 3 GW NoVA substation fault; 54 US moratoriums blocking $64B 🔴 Critical Transformer equipment shortage 128–144 week lead times; +77% cost since 2019; 50% US builds delayed 🔴 Critical Government grid regulatory intervention Virginia DC power tax $600M yr ; first US voter-enacted DC ban Monterey Park, 86% ; FERC show-cause orders 🔴 Critical Hyperscaler capex sustainability $700B+ combined 2026; Amazon FCF -95% YoY; Microsoft $80B backlog unfulfilled 🔴 Critical Circular financing NVIDIA↔OpenAI↔SoftBank $250B backstop + $350B chip financing creates vendor-funded demand leverage; structurally material 🟠 High Construction delays 30–50% of 2026 pipeline expected to miss schedule; 50% of 2025 projects delayed 3+ months 🟠 High GPU transition stranded assets Blackwell → Rubin creates "18-month cliff"; H100 secondary -85% from peak; Blackwell shipments dropping 5.2M → 1.8M 🟠 High HBM price inflation 50–55% QoQ price increases; Bernstein projects 2–2.5× further by 2027 🟠 High TSMC N3 concentration Rubin Rubin capped at 250–300K units by N3 wafer-out in 2026 🟠 High AMD MI400 pricing volume TBA Announced Jul 27 but no pricing, TDP, volume, or ship dates disclosed 🟡 Medium R100 TDP 2,300W 166 kW rack; may require new liquid cooling infrastructure at many DCs 🟡 Medium Hyperscaler Q2 FY2026 earnings pending Actual capex vs projections will be the most important data point when released 🟡 Medium Neocloud financing risk Understated depreciation $176B per Burry ; rising rates squeeze thin margins 🟡 Medium

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Stargate Project OpenAI SoftBank Oracle MGX

Metric Value -------- ------- Total target $500B by 2029 Initial deployment $100B Planned sites 7 across US TX, NM, OH, WI, MI, UAE Capacity planned 7 GW Commitments first 3 years $400B+

Stargate Site-Level GPU Estimates: Abilene, TX 320k–400k , Milam County, TX 300k , El Paso, TX 220k , Albuquerque, NM 165k , Racine, WI 140k , Mt. Pleasant, MI 165k , Lordstown, OH 275k , UAE 275k .

Source: Presenc.ai

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Supply Chain Constraints

Component Lead Time vs Pre-2020 ----------- ----------- ------------- Large power transformers 128 weeks 2× Generator step-up units 144 weeks 2–3× Switchgear 45–80 weeks 2× GPU — H100 0–4 weeks EOL — GPU — B200 12–20 weeks Allocation favors hyperscalers GPU — R100 52+ weeks Pre-order; TSMC N3 constrained CoWoS TSMC 52–78 weeks 100K wafers month est. 2026

HBM Memory: DRAM contract prices up 50–55% QoQ TrendForce . SK Hynix 50%+ of HBM3e market. Bernstein projects HBM prices could climb 2–2.5× further by 2027.

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Sources

• StorageNewsletter — AMD MI400 Series Launch 2026-07-27
• AMD — MI400 Official Page 2026-07-27
• Spheron — Rubin R100 Guide
• Spheron — GPU Cloud Pricing Comparison 2026
• GPUCloudList
• GPU Tracker — GPU Cloud Statistics 2026
• Tech Times — Vera Rubin Shipping
• DuckIT Tech — Vera Rubin Timeline
• ConstructConnect — July 2026 DC Report
• Data Center Knowledge — July 2026 Developments
• JLL — 2026 Global Data Center Outlook
• CBRE — Global Data Center Trends 2026
• Cushman & Wakefield — APAC Pipeline
• Synergy Research — Hyperscaler DCs
• Futurum Group — AI Capex 2026
• TrendForce — CSP CapEx 2026
• Gartner — DC Electricity Demand 2026
• IEA — Data Centre Electricity 2025
• Presenc.ai — GPU Shipment Tracker
• Presenc.ai — Frontier Lab GPU Counts 2026
• SiliconAnalysts — GPU Market Share 2026
• S&P Global — Power Demand Grid Constraints
• Programs.com — Data Center Statistics 2026
• Archdesk — Global AI DC Construction 2026
• CommericalSearch — Funding the DC Boom
• Tech-Insider — 7 GW Delays Cancellations
• DatacenterDynamics — Microsoft 1 GW Q2 2026
• Dedirock — DC Developments July 2026
• Datacenter Real Estate — Hyperscaler Builds
• ComputeForecast — Private Capital AI Buildout
• TechCrunch — DC Electricity 4× by 2035
• ConstructConnect — June 2026 DC Report
• MedhaCloud — Data Center Statistics 2026
• OpenAI — Stargate Project
• S&P Global — Private Capital AI Buildout

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<small Report metadata: Loop: Daily Update Global Data Center and GPU capacity Run: looprun-3f0e1167-d12d-4938-8429-53e917ccaf3d Workspace: ws-01 Compiled: 2026-07-27 from Kempax Web Research CloakBrowser . All claims traceable to cited sources. Data quality: High for GPU pricing and NVIDIA AMD official specs; Medium for capex projections, construction timelines, and electricity consumption estimates; Low–Medium for unannounced GPU pricing projections. Market conditions change rapidly — verify with current sources for procurement decisions.< small